History of the Glukhov factory
The history of the Glukhov factory is closely connected with the Zuevsky manufactory, the founder of which Savva Vasilyevich Morozov laid the foundation for the huge state of the Morozovs ...
A large manufacturer grows out of a handicraft distributor. In the 30s there was already in Bogorodsk a dispensing office at the house located on the present Working Street, opposite the trading area. From this office, the trowels, who came not only from Bogorodsky, but also from the Aleksandrovsky district of the Vladimir province, received the basics made in the warp, located in the same house ... A dyeing facility was built on the opposite bank of the Klyazma, and then a bleaching and plaid dyeing appeared. All this existed as a branch of the Zuevsky manufactory in Bogorodsk, and both the dyeing and bleaching facilities were built by Zakhar, the second of five sons of Savva Morozov. Obviously, Zakhar was at the head of this branch in Bogorodsk. Because when he separated from his father in 1842, the whole business in the city of Bogorodsk passed into his hands.
Zherebtsova's estate.
Having become the full owner of the now independent industrial enterprise, Zakhar Morozov is expanding production to such an extent that it becomes already too narrow, and in the mid-forties, he buys 167 acres of land Zherebchikha from the landowner Zherebtsova, Glukhova - the names from the surnames of the landowners. This village, Glukhovo or Zherebchikha, was located along the line where English barracks, the board of the cooperative and the narrow-gauge office are now located.
Peasants were also bought with the land, which Morozov released into the wild, but of course, without land. Landless, ruined peasants were forced to engage in pennies for the construction of factory buildings of Morozov.
When purchasing Zherebchikha for the needs of the factory, Z. Morozov took into account its proximity to the city where he had an enterprise, and the ability to use the water power (10 forces) of Chernogolovka, on which Zherebtsova’s mill stood ...
How Glukhov manufactory was founded.
In August 1847, the foundation of the Glukhov manufactory was on August 20, as can be seen from the testimony of the Bogorodsky district court. This year, the first building for the spinning mill is being built, from which the “Glukhovsky” period of our manufactory actually begins. Lev Gerasimovich Knoop, who was then an intermediary between foreign companies and Russian industrialists, was involved in the construction and equipment of the factory, who, through his engineers, made plans, wrote out machines, built and equipped a three-floors spinning building, one that is close to the burned mill ... Along with the spinning mill, two hand weaving buildings were constructed, because acquaintance with Western Europe made other varieties of goods work. They began to produce pile goods - velvet and cotton, and for cutting the latter a velvet-cutting building was constructed,
The factories were heated with wood, and lit with gas extracted from birch bark, the extraction of which was a special field for the needs of the factory. Special retorts were loaded with birch bark, which provided gas for lighting and tar.
Morozov’s case was going well.
The business of the enterprise was apparently going quite well, since the case that had burnt down at that time was quickly restored and the mechanical weaving case was added to it, where they began to produce paper velvet, on which the privilege was obtained.
The construction was made of brick, prepared at the local factory from its clay. There were two kilns for burning bricks. Extraction of clay and burning of bricks was carried out at the place that is now called "brick". All of these buildings were completed before 1850. Such a rapid, we can say, factory growth is explained by the general conditions that favorably developed for our cotton industry in the second quarter of the 19th century and especially in the period from 1842 to 1850.
At that time, British machines penetrated Russia, causing a technical revolution in production, cheapening yarn, which leads to an increase in the demand for cotton products and gives an impetus to the rapid expansion of our industry.
The heyday of the cotton industry.
Paper fabrics had become the cheapest item of clothing and, and in terms of poverty of our population, had become the most widespread in our country. The development of our industry was promoted by the patronage tariff of 1822, and the permission of the British government to export cars from England in 1842 brought a solid foundation for our paper and spinning industry...
Company of the Bogorodsk-Glukhov manufactory.
The 50s were a time of further growth and expansion of the factory.
In 1850, one of the sons of 3. Morozov, Ivan, was sent to study factory business abroad, mainly to England. Upon his return from there, a dyeing, bleaching and vat for indigo dyeing is being built in Glukhov. In 1855, Zakhar Morozov, who had 6 sons, founded the company of the Bogorodsk-Glukhov manufactory. It was approved and opened its operations in 1856. 250 shares of 3,000 rubles were issued, each, with a shareholder and one of the largest, was already mentioned Lev Gerasimovich Knoop, involved in the company to strengthen the business ...
To be true, in the near future, in 1858-59 a crisis ensued, which led to the collapse of many joint-stock companies, but the company of the Bogorodsk-Glukhov manufactory turned out to be more durable after the combination of capital and survived the crisis ...
Dwellings of workers in the kingdom of Morozovs.
With the expansion of production, living quarters were also needed. Initially, huts were used for workers' homes, remaining after the "liberation" of the peasants acquired from the peasants ravaged by Morozov. Then these huts were demolished, and in their place was built a house for the technical director and next to it for the master and mechanic, who were English. Under the guidance of these Englishmen, a frame of locksmiths, apprentices and caretakers was created. Not far from the director’s house were a wooden horse yard and a barn, and a small house for the owners, which now houses a narrow gauge station.
Two buildings of manual weaving were turned into living quarters for workers, since with the construction of mechanical weaving, as already mentioned, manual weaving was replaced by machine weaving. The remaining buildings of these two manual factories represent the premises of the so-called red courtyard, to the left of the bridge, if you go from the city to Glukhovo. One barracks is called Bryusovskaya (so nicknamed by the workers for its resemblance to Bruce’s house in Glinka), and the other is Gorelaya, because it burned down on the night when Morozov had governor Baranov, why the newly rebuilt it was called “Baranovskaya”. In the Red Yard, there was also the first hospital in the corridor, which now bears the name of "hospital" or Drozdovsky, named after the first paramedic Drozdov Ivan Terentyevich. All this was built until the 60s.
Fire on the Spinning factory.
In the early 60s, the spinning mill burned down again, and the weaving, which was placed in the previous spinning mill, remained ...
A year later, the spinning mill was again restored and another second steam engine was added, also balanced with the latest type of gear transmission. A separate boiler room was built for it, so the factories were divided: one was steam weaving, the other steam spinning.
The crisis survived safely.
In the first half of the 60s, our cotton industry was experiencing a severe crisis, which, of course, affected our Glukhovsky factory. This crisis was caused by a huge reduction in cotton imports due to the American Civil War of 1861-1865 ...
The factory successfully survives this crisis and continues to expand gradually, producing all new buildings. The building is already occupied by the former gardens, which were located behind the hospital, where there are three barracks, different systems, a horse yard, for which stables, sheds and premises for workers were built on clay pits.
All-forgotten "Caucasus".
In the so-called Red Yard, 4 apartments for British craftsmen were built, the number of which increased with the expansion of the factory. The houses for the British, as well as the servants and workers, were two-story - a stone bottom, a wooden top. In addition, cheap-type barracks were built instead of the former houses left from the village of Glukhov, and behind the mill there appeared a settlement of six houses built for single people, i.e. single. This settlement was called "Caucasus" because the terrain was uneven, the construction was erected shortly after the conquest of the Caucasus, and the inhabitants of this area were "poor" people. So, in the place of the current peat depot there was then a swamp, overgrown with forest.
This year, dugouts inhabited those who were not given a closet for marital relations without the blessing of the priest, and called such couples “zhurzhak with zhurzha” or “milozory” (the latter name is often found among labours even now).
Railways were being built and production was growing.
At that time, the Ilyinsky swamp was acquired, but the factory was heated with wood and stumps, and gradually began to switch to peat only in the second half of the 70s. The water force of Chernogolovka was not forgotten: at the mill, the tapper worked for stuffing the “sea", "wave", "jet" or "moire" (different names for the same product.)
The banks of Klyazma were in different possessions and at first there was transport across the river, and then they built a floating bridge, which was against almost the mouth of Chernogolovka. The road to Bogorodsk was a meadow and was undeveloped. Having bought the land from the landowner Rakhmanov, Morozov exchanged it from the city for a meadow and built a highway. So gradually grew and rounded up the land holdings of the factory.
A significant expansion of factory production began in the late 60s and continued in the early 70s. This expansion was caused by the rapid development of the construction of the railway network in these years. In 1868-71 over a billion rubles were spent on the construction of railways ...
The Russian-Turkish war increased the revenues.
The company of the Glukhov manufactory acquires the Bunkovskoye estate from the landowner Vyazemsky, builds a school, and first builds one barracks on the site of houses for the British, and after five years another, the span existing between them was laid down and one barracks was formed, then known under the name "English" (now- Roses Luxembourg). A special building with a separate maternity ward was built for the hospital. A big recovery in the construction of the factory came after the Russo-Turkish war 1877-1878. Throughout the war, work at the factory was in full swing, they worked at warehouses. The goods were stored in a barn, which stood on the site of the current warehouse, which is opposite the outpatient clinic. This shed was occupied by peat, it was taken out, and bales of goods were stored there, since all other warehouses were already full.
Construction of the barracks.
Many factories were closed at that time, and Glukhovskaya operating until the end of the war, sold her goods very profitably in two or three months, and construction began.
The barracks “Red” (the first behind the hospital), “Varshavskaya” (or women's artel), “Moscow”, “Cheap” (named for the low cost of construction) were built. “Alexandrovskaya”, so named in memory of the coronation of Alexander III, is a three-story building in a dyeing yard, transverse at the gate. Previously, there was a small bathhouse at this place, then weaving, and now this building belongs to the dyeing house. At this time, the first pipe was also built in the dyeing yard, the piles for which were driven in by captured Turks, then the bleaching was built, the second pipe in red and the third pipe in the dyeing ...
The army of labours in Glukhov was growing every year.
... In 1870, there were about 2500 workers at the factory, in 1880, after 10 years, there were already 5605 of them .... and ten years later in 1890 7468 people worked at the factory ...
Morozovs sought to be advanced.
... The company of the Glukhov manufactory has always carefully monitored all technical improvements in the field of cotton production and updated the factory equipment with the latest improved machines, in terms of equipment, our factory was one of the best in the central industrial region. A well-mechanized enterprise reduced the cost of production and made it possible, not without profit, to reduce the working day ...
And we see that at a time when the vast majority of cotton manufacturers in the central region are trying by all means to keep the night work and defend 12 or more hours of work, the Glukhov manufactory already in 1875 has the opportunity and introduces a 10-hour work day for the day and 9 hour work day for night shift.
Calculation comes first.
... What else should be noted in the life of our factory during the 80s is a steady decrease in the number of minors at the enterprise. Their number in 1882 was 980, and in 1889 only 123. This is due to the influence of labor legislation in the 80s. ... The Glukhov manufactory, which even before these laws showed the innovation known in our region for profit-making and the new legislation, only supported and strengthened the innovative undertakings of the Glukhov manufactory in this area, giving them a solid foundation. The lesson of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky strike, which frightened the Morozovs, affected here ...
Eighties.
The expansion of the factory continued in the 80s. At this time, stone buildings were built for the office, shops, a bread store and a building for the winter club, theater and library. Previously, there was a summer club in an old country house, but it burned down.
The Dalninsky estate, so called by the village of Dalnaya Village, was acquired, and the Riuminsky estate, named after the landowner, was bought to it. The Dalninsky estate with peat bogs was necessary for the factory, because the latter was increasingly switching to peat heating, and the area of peat bogs till Sherna was already severely depleted by this time.
A branch was being built on Fryazevo.
But the largest and most important event of this period for the factory was the construction of a railway line from the station Fryazevo (Stepanovo), Nizhegorodskaya railway to the right bank of the river. Klyazma, over 16 miles. During the construction of the railway from Moscow to Nizhny, it was proposed to go through the city of Bogorodsk, but local manufacturers, fearing that the railway would burn all the forests for fire and thus deprive the heating plants, rejected this offer and the line went from Obiraralovka to Pavlovo.
After that there were several attempts to draw the line to Bogorodsk, but this was achieved only in 1885. The Glukhov manufactory played the first role in this. Its manager F. A. Detinov collected information on the number of goods and passengers that will be transported along this line. In order to ensure the profitability of the branch, guarantee capital was introduced into the treasury on the condition of returning it if the branch turned out to be profitable. The calculation was made correctly: the branch's profitability in the first years exceeded the estimated assumptions, and the guarantee capital was returned ahead of schedule.
The new branch significantly reduced the cost of transporting raw materials and fuel to the factory and sending goods from the factory, which, of course, could not but affect the business of the enterprise in a direction favorable to it ...
Construction of the barracks.
Among the buildings of this period, the construction of large barracks can be noted: "Detinovskaya" - on the 40th anniversary of the factory manager F.A. Detinova. “Vlasovskaya” - on the anniversary of the accountant Vlasov and “Yubileynaya” - the 50th anniversary of the factory.
During this time, they sought to defuse the factory’s population, and factory management began to give apartment money to workers living in their apartments, encouraging them to settle in free apartments, not in the barracks. The official motive for this was smallpox in 1889, which claimed 100 people, and the threat of cholera in 1891-92. But the true reasons could be considerations of both a financial and political nature ...
Morozov was afraid of workers.
In the barracks, there were talks about low prices, crowded rooms. 1905 was coming. It smelled like a strike. The administration makes a heroic effort and, using strong trust among banks and in the industrial world, increases in 1904 the prices and housing allowance for workers. The results of such a policy for the manufacturer were brilliant.
The Japanese war and the revolutionary year of 1905, which put many industrial enterprises on the brink of death, gold rained down on the Glukhovsky Manufactory Company.
New enterprise growth.
The period after 1905 was the most turbulent in the construction of the factory. Three new houses for workers appeared - I, II and III, a maternity shelter was built, a new school, an electric power station, the construction site behind Klyazma was increased, the first buildings of which existed before the Russo-Turkish war, and finally, the pride of Glukhovka was the only weaving factory on the device in Russia.
By this time, i.e. the end of the first or beginning of the second decade of the 20th century also includes the final liberation of the Glukhov manufactory from the influence of the companion Knoop on its affairs ...
Of the Morozovs' shareholders, he stood out as a rare cotton specialist and as an energetic, skillful businessman of the Western European type, Nikolai Davydovich Morozov, who enjoyed great influence and weight in the commercial world. He entered into an agreement with the Azov-Don Bank, with the help of which he acquired Knoop shares in his own name and pledged them in the same bank. On the initiative of the same Nikolai Davydovich, the company bought the Beck’s factory in St. Petersburg, which produced thin numbers of yarn that were not produced at Glukhovka but were needed by it.
By the time of the World War, we see a factory with almost all the facilities that exist now, with the exception of a new club (superstructure), a canteen, and the villages of Ilyich and Rykov. The factory’s land holdings cover 10,000 acres, of which 2,000 acres of peat bogs with fuel reserves for many decades. The annual productivity of the factory reached 15,000,000 rubles. The number of workers (with agricultural workers) reached 15,000.
Such an extremely stable and strong position of the Company of the Glukhov manufactory opened up broad prospects for it. The idea arises of building a railway through the Dalinsky swamp to connect Bogorodsk and Glukhov with the Northern Railway in order to gain access to the great Siberian route using the Danilova Yaroslavl province compound, and Buoy of the Kostroma province. It was already calculated that oil delivery from Yaroslavl would cost less on this line than from Nizhny, and the Ukhta of the Arkhangelsk province with its oil loomed attractively ahead.
But the proletarian revolution in October 1917 puts an end to Morozov's rule. The working class regained to itself that which belongs to it by right.
"Bogorodsk Territory", 1928, No. 4-5, 16.